Gene mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism that can result in alterations to the genotype and potentially the phenotype. These mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation, chemicals, or viral infections. Gene mutations can have a variety of effects, ranging from no noticeable impact to causing genetic disorders or diseases. Researchers study gene mutations to better understand how they contribute to disease development, evolution, and population genetics. By identifying and characterizing gene mutations, scientists can develop new diagnostic tools, therapies, and genetic engineering techniques.